• Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels

  2024-10-12

  

  Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature [1]. Physiological angiogenesis is necessary for key processes such as wound healing, tissue regeneration and repair. In pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and other pat

• br Competing interests br Acknowledgments This

  2024-10-11

  

  Competing interests Acknowledgments This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2014R1A4A1071040). Introduction Mitochondria occupy an important position as mediators of

• Akt is another upstream kinase

  2024-10-11

  

  Akt is another upstream kinase known to phosphorylate AMPK Ser489 in response to high insulin levels [7], [21]. HepG2 HATU show an increase in phosphorylation of AMPK at Ser485 when incubated with either insulin or troglitazone individually (Fig. 5A and C). Despite this concurrent increase, only ce

• Introduction AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is mainly kno

  2024-10-11

  

  Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is mainly known as a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed energy sensor that is highly sensitive to changes in cellular energy levels (by sensing increases in AMP:ATP and ADP:ATP ratios) and makes appropriate adjustment to balance the consumpt

• The specific mechanisms underlying glutamine dependency are

  2024-10-11

  

  The specific mechanisms underlying glutamine dependency are still being explored, and current research indicates that the mechanisms likely vary between breast cancer subtypes. In HER2-positive breast cancer, increased levels of the transcriptional activator PGC-1α lead to expression of genes that m

• br Aldehyde sensors to monitor substrate levels Previous

  2024-10-11

  

  Aldehyde sensors to monitor substrate levels Previous efforts to ameliorate metabolic diseases frequently relied on biochemical methods which could measure the levels of toxic substrates in src inhibitor or bodily fluids (blood and serum or plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid). Therapeutic effort

• Curcumin is able to upregulate the protein level of NGF

  2024-10-11

  

  Curcumin is able to upregulate the protein level of NGF through cannabinoid receptor CB1, where the activation of Akt pathway probably plays an important part in the CB1-mediated signal transmission [9,10]. This finding suggested that the protection of curcumin in spinal motor neurons of SNI rats is

• While HTPCs are not immune cells they produce IL MCP

  2024-10-11

  

  While HTPCs are not immune cells, they produce IL-6, MCP-1 and other immunologically relevant factors (Mayer et al., 2016). Our results demonstrated that epinephrine and phenylephrine increased the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 in HTPCs without affecting the mRNA expression level o

• A decrease in lactate concentration in the incubation medium

  2024-10-11

  

  A decrease in lactate concentration in the incubation medium was observed in samples treated with heparin and 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine compared with the control (0.05; Fig. 2B). Discussion In the present study we compared the oxidative metabolism and intracellular signals of heparin, the glycosami

• Oxidative stress has recently been reported as one of the

  2024-10-11

  

  Oxidative stress has recently been reported as one of the important mechanisms of toxic effect of Cd2+[43]. The mechanism of Cd2+-induced oxidative stress involves an imbalance between generation and removal of ROS in tissues and cellular components, causing damage to membranes, DNA, and proteins [4

• br There is evidence to suggest

  2024-10-11

  

  There is evidence to suggest that GMF activities are regulated in vivo by post-translational modification. indeed, there is strong precedent for ADF-homology family proteins being regulated in this manner. Cofilin is inhibited by phosphorylation of a serine residue at its N terminus. This residue

• br Acknowledgements MC and PD were funded by the Michael

  2024-10-11

  

  Acknowledgements MC and PD were funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation (Grant ID 9969). We would like to thank Pierluigi Saba, Francesco Traccis and Barbara Tuveri for their technical assistance. Introduction In the prostate, androgens play a crucial role in normal, BPH and cancerous growth b

• Having taken a step back from affinity

  2024-10-11

  

  Having taken a step back from affinity to gain better exposure and solubility, we started work to replace the unstable oxazolinone, and address the selectivity over the hERG channel. Keeping in mind the binding mode of the series from crystal structures, triazole was identified as another mildly aci

• Recent studies showed that the

  2024-10-11

  

  Recent studies showed that the increased expression of Aurora B kinase directly proportional to the tumor invasion and metastasis [61]. The Aurora B kinase regulates the PI2K/Akt signaling pathway has a significant role in tumor invasion and metastasis that leads to phosphorylation of GSK3β on ser 9

• In our studies of leucine and BCH in pancreatic islets

  2024-10-11

  

  In our studies of leucine and BCH in pancreatic islets and clonal insulin cell lines, we noticed that leucine was a slightly stronger stimulant of insulin release. Previous studies showed that leucine can be metabolized to CO2[11], [12], [13], [14] and can increase acetoacetate in pancreatic islets

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